tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-26165461612772513922024-03-06T02:19:36.424-06:00Earthwide Surgical FoundationEarthwide Surgical Foundation is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization, dedicated to delivering surgical care to the poor of the world by means of manpower, equipment and education.BRIAN CAMAZINE, MD - GENERAL SURGEONhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02200610127875857481noreply@blogger.comBlogger342125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2616546161277251392.post-85616078887747419062022-12-10T11:16:00.002-06:002022-12-10T11:20:01.376-06:00MONEY<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span face="TwitterChirp, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(15, 20, 25); color: #0f1419; font-size: 15px; text-align: start; white-space: pre-wrap;">The world spends 2.1 trillion/year or 4.7 billion/day= $249 per person on weapons daily. magine what we could do with the earth if we just took a few days off. We would have money coming out the Wazoo</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dx-zgpieZkSFmnr-yrCcDgjABl4cDlqCed422fZcrwbveoyH05QXwA8Lt4fJ0tsCxI5BmrnD8aSAdsBJGT0vQ' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /> <p></p>BRIAN CAMAZINE, MD - GENERAL SURGEONhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02200610127875857481noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2616546161277251392.post-37901412666825963672022-08-06T14:56:00.002-05:002022-08-06T14:56:50.963-05:00Monopolar<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dyFYFtgemeUpeAbjf-ZqJQzbIOW-qHc-sDDFikz8c3O9aSVxVaWaEuj_I9OcnhaCrYwRIQxUotcr8ntvW_Nbw' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div><br /> <p></p>BRIAN CAMAZINE, MD - GENERAL SURGEONhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02200610127875857481noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2616546161277251392.post-9121330906004937862021-12-29T17:33:00.000-06:002021-12-29T17:33:07.568-06:00<p>Young lady with mass growing from right nostril for 7 years. Surgery required:</p><p>1. Radical Maxillectomy</p><p>2. Nasal reconstruction</p><p>3. Tracheostomy</p><p>4. Orbital sling with mesh</p><p>5. ORIF palate</p><p>6. Temporalis flap</p><p>7. Tarsorrhaphy</p><p>The result was not perfect but can be improved in the future. Last picture is 4 weeks postop. Patient was very happy as she was considered a pariah before operation.<br /></p><p>Published with permission of patient</p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEieVAk4ioHGeD_FvKbGI4trVXCqAKhV4mOL70bsmAZRj6vnCl-E90XCfB_gPJpt6rCHSWVfuzookYGRBwgZbSJrRgZd518LMsinDN2zfMeuU5ndygMyp1vEwHnWm4Jr8ALYktAuKNoFC5DUrs-0L-rvI29Wrki3gh8j9EaEfLFbcNwLbHIIgvenGJMZvw=s2786" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2786" data-original-width="2068" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEieVAk4ioHGeD_FvKbGI4trVXCqAKhV4mOL70bsmAZRj6vnCl-E90XCfB_gPJpt6rCHSWVfuzookYGRBwgZbSJrRgZd518LMsinDN2zfMeuU5ndygMyp1vEwHnWm4Jr8ALYktAuKNoFC5DUrs-0L-rvI29Wrki3gh8j9EaEfLFbcNwLbHIIgvenGJMZvw=s320" width="238" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhGrhrKIcf6YtV_izouU2USyvYknnl33AhzZipqgKr6jyYdFjJY9SCs_IYpmISrXx2EjTy8jFi2Jyu9IyQKI5Kj0iA4VX4VcQbuy-DtF3LfgpZZN-Ab6kmojzAYp-F7BhPxfeA_cRZqHIYsoJzIpPS_Bx9zsN-N0CiioUJKB-lhmcTNS0qEUwLgF21pZg=s2671" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; 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text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='321' height='268' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dxmkpZln0rtXTVkhxBKLPzgPNfpvtvJAW3GG8fobh7HHh7jtw7CXusv6RfRSIzJktDw-fHkPPx_r-2w3M5LlA' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dzX1o2oKKKK1-DP7RCTOurk7SVwiiwUu_QNrwxxDSOxxbnddfHq0Mi-7VWgh0XMjHwAslmrIJHkz1G-YOyIdA' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div><br /><br /><br /> <p></p>BRIAN CAMAZINE, MD - GENERAL SURGEONhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02200610127875857481noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2616546161277251392.post-39437227671977614642017-02-03T14:18:00.001-06:002017-02-03T14:18:27.805-06:00<div style="border: 0px; 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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSXAvcSY_GY9Gs0xWxKagKYd8bMBAYTBRmF3hNdXJ5a92jVVPVqAWxIOl8wG4mzHTEPTFNLRSPJOgoZwdIrs-DV2jmEAMph4HOxFaF5kb4JXDqfUPK9cuYidqMQuK9W2fgNylkinuzuw5C/s1600/IMG_4319.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSXAvcSY_GY9Gs0xWxKagKYd8bMBAYTBRmF3hNdXJ5a92jVVPVqAWxIOl8wG4mzHTEPTFNLRSPJOgoZwdIrs-DV2jmEAMph4HOxFaF5kb4JXDqfUPK9cuYidqMQuK9W2fgNylkinuzuw5C/s320/IMG_4319.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center;">Many people ask about our pathology. For a long time, Danny Milner, MD, at Harvard/Brigham and Women's Hospital. performed all our pathology on the specimens I brought home with me. This was a really great situation which, unfortunately, ended when Danny left the Brigham to become the Chief Medical Officer at the American Society for Clinical Pathology. After an </span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2616546161277251392#editor/target=post;postID=3599900296615293804;onPublishedMenu=template;onClosedMenu=template;postNum=29;src=postname" style="border: 0px; color: #6611cc; cursor: text; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none;" tabindex="1">appeal</a><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center;"> on my Blog Site (www.earthwidesurgicalfoundation.blogspot.com), I received many gracious offers for pathology help from around the world. </span></div>
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Fortunately, we met Dr. Chidi Onwuka from the Department of Histopathology at the University of Uyo Teaching Hospital. He graduated from the University of Nigeria, Nsukka and did his pathology training at the National Postgraduate Medical College of Nigeria. His group now does all our pathology work. Chidi is a very pleasant chap and comes every week to pick up our specimens and his turn around time is 1 week!</div>
BRIAN CAMAZINE, MD - GENERAL SURGEONhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02200610127875857481noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2616546161277251392.post-70609230085297548422017-01-31T03:55:00.003-06:002017-01-31T03:55:40.566-06:00FIBROUS DYSPLASIA WITH ECTOPIC TEETH<span style="border: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">This 12 year old girl came in with a swollen Cheel. She obviosly had fibrous dysplasia-<b style="font-family: arial, sans-serif;">Fibrous dysplasia</b><span style="border: 0px; font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> is an uncommon bone disorder in which scar-like (</span><b style="font-family: arial, sans-serif;">fibrous</b><span style="border: 0px; font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">) tissue develops in place of normal bone. This can weaken the affected bone and cause it to deform or fracture. In most cases, </span><b style="font-family: arial, sans-serif;">fibrous dysplasia</b><span style="border: 0px; font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> affects only a single bone — most commonly the skull or a long bone in the arms or legs. We operated and found massive fibrous tissue requiring a chisel for revoval of the entire maxilla. During removal we found several ectopic teeth-perhaps the stimulus for her problem. </span></span><br />
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<span style="border: 0px; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">The orbital floor was gone and the eye drooped down into the sinus when we were done. We used a polypropylene mesh sling to support the eye-which is onlevel with the other eye after surgery. She is healing well.</span></div>
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BRIAN CAMAZINE, MD - GENERAL SURGEONhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02200610127875857481noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2616546161277251392.post-1668510689876098392017-01-29T11:22:00.002-06:002017-01-31T03:56:18.867-06:00CONGENTIAL URINARY INCONTINENCE<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">This 13 year old girl was incontinent of urine from birth. Its a a long story so I won't tell it all. We repaired the problem. She ended up with 3 ureters reimplanted into the bladder. Her pants are dry now.</span><br />
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BRIAN CAMAZINE, MD - GENERAL SURGEONhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02200610127875857481noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2616546161277251392.post-76652193519501904722017-01-29T10:26:00.001-06:002017-01-29T10:27:46.775-06:00TRA FLAP FOR FUNGATING BREAST CANCER<div class="IVILX2C-ed-a" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 44px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px;">
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This Lady came in with a fungating breast cancer that was constantly bleeding. We felt it ws best to remove the cancer before giving her chem/XRT. We used a TRAM FLAP for reconstruction</div>
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BRIAN CAMAZINE, MD - GENERAL SURGEONhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02200610127875857481noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2616546161277251392.post-46929755241678132922017-01-26T06:54:00.000-06:002017-01-26T06:54:13.606-06:00<div style="text-align: justify;">
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<span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start;">This 18 year old female came with a large left upper quadrant mass which had been growing for 1.5 years. Based on CT results, we thought we were dealing with a giant liver cyst. We were wrong. The patient had a giant retroperitoneal cyst of some type with the stomach, duodenum, pancreas and colon firmly attached to it. With careful dissection, we were able to </span>dissect the cyst free.</div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Right upper quadrant mass</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Apparent liver cyst</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Cyst with stomach adherent</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Stomach, duodenum, pancreas, and colon dissected free</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Dr. Uche Nkeonye</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Ebere Erundo, surgical assistant</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Retroperitoneal cyst</td></tr>
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BRIAN CAMAZINE, MD - GENERAL SURGEONhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02200610127875857481noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2616546161277251392.post-9804559147359861912017-01-24T11:22:00.002-06:002017-01-24T11:22:56.773-06:00A PICTURE IS WORTH A THOUSAND WORDS<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkaPTlYDn-6ijl1TzDtYKUua8Y2Mq6YMBvfY-6VTrlVgOx8J-60THft6imyM1cliHiG-eUYWoPp_46SL0Bqb-OEOtD-VzDhpk6PHzkH6lZPKKvUHIssqx8PWj7M3CitSRWJLIfpvbISAGf/s1600/IMG_4150.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="246" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkaPTlYDn-6ijl1TzDtYKUua8Y2Mq6YMBvfY-6VTrlVgOx8J-60THft6imyM1cliHiG-eUYWoPp_46SL0Bqb-OEOtD-VzDhpk6PHzkH6lZPKKvUHIssqx8PWj7M3CitSRWJLIfpvbISAGf/s400/IMG_4150.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />BRIAN CAMAZINE, MD - GENERAL SURGEONhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02200610127875857481noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2616546161277251392.post-2259728631407886872017-01-24T08:44:00.000-06:002017-01-24T08:44:05.492-06:00CHEST WALL RESECTION<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7A49qWDHQWqsxqYEVU2CpaOimuA1aJY1EeDF1goD1KHRdgZBMs2xUe1LdJciVo9tQ77XkJk6SBjBDJ_7SIW2FlErgTO3nYXQ4-YUoFKo7QFoDHp_Y2nWiQsqm_lEjTIBnkND9q0oNfMMq/s1600/IMG_20170123_124445+%25281%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="186" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7A49qWDHQWqsxqYEVU2CpaOimuA1aJY1EeDF1goD1KHRdgZBMs2xUe1LdJciVo9tQ77XkJk6SBjBDJ_7SIW2FlErgTO3nYXQ4-YUoFKo7QFoDHp_Y2nWiQsqm_lEjTIBnkND9q0oNfMMq/s320/IMG_20170123_124445+%25281%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Yesterday we operated on a 48 year old lady with a right flank/chest wall mass. The lady has neurofibromatosis which is benign but occasionally becomes malignant. The mass invaded ribs 9-12. Resection would require resection the mass and ribs and reconstruction of the chest wall. </span><br />
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We resected the mass/ribs, transfered the diaphragm to the 8th rib and reconstructed the resulting defect with mesh. Everything came back together great and the patient did well overnight. We are awaiting her pathology<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Resection of mass</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLCGWpCVWuds-TfaaxoWfcvUD9tZrNjC9xdQ4FNG4Yz4dK3XcQGDVfks2DmotNInGCplc-R57puWUE899NlfIFyPAKwluJzfg0RyT4kWJTmOa0_PodCiTeBkn1pXSaJbRGPtvvnvO8ERAN/s1600/IMG_4117.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLCGWpCVWuds-TfaaxoWfcvUD9tZrNjC9xdQ4FNG4Yz4dK3XcQGDVfks2DmotNInGCplc-R57puWUE899NlfIFyPAKwluJzfg0RyT4kWJTmOa0_PodCiTeBkn1pXSaJbRGPtvvnvO8ERAN/s320/IMG_4117.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Mass prior to removal</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDOnLzskEFW-3aoeiUUsNtq39CZUCSOMgQbsWKNZndZm6O4CZOLSMMJcGz9pKR35atIn8zZGLHCl3uUpzIQK-nLYeXGmccPU6y0keCiaLVpr6jurrDKuMzGPTautMjtz97_TrgGy6ibVbn/s1600/IMG_4119.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="238" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDOnLzskEFW-3aoeiUUsNtq39CZUCSOMgQbsWKNZndZm6O4CZOLSMMJcGz9pKR35atIn8zZGLHCl3uUpzIQK-nLYeXGmccPU6y0keCiaLVpr6jurrDKuMzGPTautMjtz97_TrgGy6ibVbn/s320/IMG_4119.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Mass removed and chest and abdomen opened with lung to right</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCEy1Uc7DI3UF-RzIwV0AHpFbkOEmkFJOpdMhcl-N116_BYaPi6zAMG8v2CzECkYyijimcg1W5xLh6CnlkMI0x5PVnuV7Yuhazl8MTsEWT98x2nlbWKPYENUg0hM0ZPJJSwBf64QNIEHJ7/s1600/IMG_4122.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="232" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCEy1Uc7DI3UF-RzIwV0AHpFbkOEmkFJOpdMhcl-N116_BYaPi6zAMG8v2CzECkYyijimcg1W5xLh6CnlkMI0x5PVnuV7Yuhazl8MTsEWT98x2nlbWKPYENUg0hM0ZPJJSwBf64QNIEHJ7/s320/IMG_4122.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Diaphragm reattached with PTFE patch</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFGPVvj4isFDEWvLqD0BQkTVJtsUfI24Nng4KVpDahy0dwcwDI_JMss-bwEiHYN_m-ACozd-zKKWn_P7PeD6afgUVjtL1hzW6ZnHgJN4EvAiZJUnzUEC2JvMEXMt5TFeshhmRlkkT_JeP0/s1600/IMG_4125.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="227" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFGPVvj4isFDEWvLqD0BQkTVJtsUfI24Nng4KVpDahy0dwcwDI_JMss-bwEiHYN_m-ACozd-zKKWn_P7PeD6afgUVjtL1hzW6ZnHgJN4EvAiZJUnzUEC2JvMEXMt5TFeshhmRlkkT_JeP0/s320/IMG_4125.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Defect reconstructed with mesh</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTY65WCZJSKespsHNJboJ0SBFN56AB23rwLF0HfV0Ca7XTO-qxAfajnAe6uzz1CswMrYFTTYcHfgOGuhxxFPChDwjVoRBrU3P9NlPgydmNuqv83C8xbzk2e43xhyWVIpmHEuVEAHWVxpC1/s1600/IMG_4127.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="226" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTY65WCZJSKespsHNJboJ0SBFN56AB23rwLF0HfV0Ca7XTO-qxAfajnAe6uzz1CswMrYFTTYcHfgOGuhxxFPChDwjVoRBrU3P9NlPgydmNuqv83C8xbzk2e43xhyWVIpmHEuVEAHWVxpC1/s320/IMG_4127.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Final result</td></tr>
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BRIAN CAMAZINE, MD - GENERAL SURGEONhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02200610127875857481noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2616546161277251392.post-74366419651341567902017-01-24T06:53:00.002-06:002017-01-24T06:53:32.487-06:00YOU DON'T WANT THIS!<div class="IVILX2C-ed-a" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 44px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px;">
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This 39 year old lady came in with a prolapsing uterine fibroid-a intrauterine fibroid that became so big that the body tries to eject it through the cervix like a baby. The fibroid in on a long stalk and usually is bleeding. In a pinch, you can clamp the stalk and stop the bleeding. We did a definitive procedure-a total abdominal hysterectomy. The lady did fine.<div style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
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BRIAN CAMAZINE, MD - GENERAL SURGEONhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02200610127875857481noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2616546161277251392.post-69850065414580060222017-01-23T05:40:00.001-06:002017-01-23T05:42:38.522-06:00CHAOS<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>MONDAY IS CHAOS</b></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">17 patients waiting for surgery</span><br />
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2 operating tables working full blast</div>
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6 MDs, 3 nurse anethetists, 3 nurse anethetist students, 5 technicians</div>
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42 surgical patients waiting to be seen<br />
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<a href="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-z_lkAhwW4Ck/WIXqk5C_gyI/AAAAAAAAGeo/TlnZUEjXOVExUi30DwbcD3VBlBhlP_70QCLcB/s1600/IMG_1970.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="border: 0px; color: #6611cc; cursor: text; margin: 0px 1em; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-z_lkAhwW4Ck/WIXqk5C_gyI/AAAAAAAAGeo/TlnZUEjXOVExUi30DwbcD3VBlBhlP_70QCLcB/s1600/IMG_1970.jpg" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJ7Wb3C4DsqnWCSVCm9BvkaAPaSTMhaTxkBuBZ1Jr0rIoMgc3EvrZc423YWPn0WIpX9eafqcHJFZqkSQe2yXM-I1n5t2uTO4AhkT9ZOdCuTaA8lIwgOnw2bIjYTS6MnFQpFl5EIY_XbIt8/s1600/IMG_1975+%25281%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJ7Wb3C4DsqnWCSVCm9BvkaAPaSTMhaTxkBuBZ1Jr0rIoMgc3EvrZc423YWPn0WIpX9eafqcHJFZqkSQe2yXM-I1n5t2uTO4AhkT9ZOdCuTaA8lIwgOnw2bIjYTS6MnFQpFl5EIY_XbIt8/s1600/IMG_1975+%25281%2529.jpg" /></a></div>
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BRIAN CAMAZINE, MD - GENERAL SURGEONhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02200610127875857481noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2616546161277251392.post-26879613200115527742017-01-23T05:25:00.001-06:002017-01-23T05:25:37.913-06:00MORE WORK<div class="IVILX2C-ed-a" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 44px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px;">
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<span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start;">Malaria is endemic in Nigeria so you can expect to get sick when you visit. There is malaria prophylaxis but in my experience it is not very effective so I stopped using prophylaxis several years ago. I usually get a case every trip but it is very mild and responds to treatment. Unfortunately, my current case has been recalcitrant to the normal treatments including two courses of Fansidar and one course of P-Alaxin. I am recovering now.</span></div>
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During the last few days I have not blogged but we have been working hard. We have done 18 cases in the last 3 days including:</div>
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1. Inguinal hernia repair</div>
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2. Giant scrotal hernia repair</div>
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3. Excision of thrombophlebitis secondary to chemo infiltration</div>
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4. Six total thyroidectomies for goiter</div>
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5. Two total thyroidectomies for toxic goiter</div>
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6. TruCut biopsy of the neck fot a large mass</div>
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7. Laparotomy for SBO</div>
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8. TruCut biopsy of breast mass</div>
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9. Excision of breast mass</div>
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10. Radical hysterectomy for cervical cancer including resection of the rectum and left iliac lymph node dissection</div>
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11. Excision of premaxillary cyst</div>
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12. Exploratory laparotomy for strangulated cecum in a ventral hernia requiring right hemicolectomy, and venral hernia repair</div>
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This is the man with the premaxillary cyst</div>
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This lady had a similar cyst which was repaired several years ago with good result</div>
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There are 13 cases waiting for surgery and many more coming. There is always a big rush at the end of trips, especially on Mondays</div>
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BRIAN CAMAZINE, MD - GENERAL SURGEONhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02200610127875857481noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2616546161277251392.post-21182878982481437472017-01-19T05:33:00.002-06:002017-01-19T05:33:30.338-06:00GET IT WHILE YOU CAN<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br />BRIAN CAMAZINE, MD - GENERAL SURGEONhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02200610127875857481noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2616546161277251392.post-21959485444664099312017-01-19T05:01:00.003-06:002017-01-19T05:34:05.949-06:00INTERESTING ITEMS<div class="IVILX2C-ed-a" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 44px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px;">
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Yesterday a lady came for consultation. She had an ameloblastoma removed from her right maxillary sinus and noticed new progresive swelling. We obtained a CT which showed a recurrence in the right maxillary sinus. We will operate this week.<br />
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Another lady came in with a goiter that had been growing fro 20 years. Hopefully this will not be cancer. We will also operate on her this week.</div>
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Uche Nkeonye, Md, arrived yesterday. He had been to NCH many times and now has his own private practice in Abuja. We are glad he is here.</div>
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BRIAN CAMAZINE, MD - GENERAL SURGEONhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02200610127875857481noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2616546161277251392.post-67846805031326809442017-01-18T07:46:00.001-06:002017-01-18T07:46:04.960-06:00TOXIC GOITER<div class="separator" style="border: 0px; clear: both; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;">Most people don't realize that untreated or improperly treated toxic goiter is a lethal disease. Patients are in a hypermetabolic state and slowly waste away. In the end stages of the disease, you can close your index finger and thumb around the biceps of these patients.They waste away and then one day a breeze comes along and they are gone. They suffer from high output cardiac failure among many other disorders. Occasionally, they will suffer thyroid storm , sometimes called thyroid crisis.Thyroid storm, also referred to as thyrotoxic crisis, is an acute, life-threatening, hypermetabolic state induced by excessive release of thyroid hormones (THs) in individuals with thyrotoxicosis. Thyroid storm may be the initial presentation of thyrotoxicosis in undiagnosed children, particularly in neonates. The clinical presentation includes fever, tachycardia, hypertension, and neurological and GI abnormalities. Hypertension may be followed by congestive heart failure that is associated with hypotension and shock. Because thyroid storm is almost invariably fatal if left untreated, rapid diagnosis and aggressive treatment are critical. Death can occur rapidly-even in minutes. Thyroid storm can occur before, during or after thyroid surgery. Just recently we admitted a patient with toxic goiter. We went to the ward, sat on her bed and dropped dead. Fortunately, we have a medical regimen that has drastically cut down on these issues which includes carbimazol, prednisone, iodine, inderal and lithium. In the USA, these patients are often treated with radioactive iodine but surgery is more common in the third world.</span></div>
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BRIAN CAMAZINE, MD - GENERAL SURGEONhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02200610127875857481noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2616546161277251392.post-64320820108504974262017-01-18T02:56:00.002-06:002017-01-18T02:56:58.586-06:00PALM OIL<div class="IVILX2C-ed-a" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 44px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px;">
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<h1 lang="en" style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(162, 169, 177); border-bottom-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; color: black; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; overflow: visible; padding: 0px;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-size: medium; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><b>Palm oil</b></span></h1>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-size: x-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-size: x-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil#mw-head" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil#p-search" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"></a></span></div>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Huile_de_palme_biologique_350g.jpg" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: x-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><img alt="" height="165" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEgytSWoyBAnZuy5uIZlaqLdl_DfASej9ypFSvtUmpeSDrumA5jv6zD2VRmnRWTmVj_7w4fYZlgBiLUCTBo2a6hZFhtmG7IopM_kwTP9uCp9fxNBkuFPCz8zVladQXWI-NbLbW_PKFXM1x-yPzna4BoMSS2gP4MueUkioYhtO_FTJUskIaPJXCscR7uX-DiIXEA45MOo45S7JvfCfFvCVTpDrQznW6qcytIgxPcsoLxS7jwY9iVYvZex-HbRzJNf0UrHPVpWtIcO=w5000-h5000" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></span></a><div style="border: 0px none; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 3px; text-align: left;">
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<span style="border: 0px; font-size: x-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Palm oil block showing the lighter color that results from boiling</span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-size: x-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><b>Palm oil</b> (also known as <b>dendê oil</b>, from Portuguese) is an edible <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Vegetable oil">vegetable oil</a> derived from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit_anatomy#Mesocarp" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Fruit anatomy">mesocarp</a> (reddish pulp) of the fruit of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaeis" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Elaeis">oil palms</a>, primarily the African oil palm <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaeis_guineensis" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Elaeis guineensis">Elaeis guineensis</a></i>,<sup style="border: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil#cite_note-1" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">[1]</a></sup> and to a lesser extent from the American oil palm <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaeis_oleifera" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Elaeis oleifera">Elaeis oleifera</a></i> and the maripa palm <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attalea_maripa" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Attalea maripa">Attalea maripa</a></i>.</span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-size: x-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Palm oil is naturally reddish in color because of a high <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-carotene" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Beta-carotene">beta-carotene</a> content. It is not to be confused with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_kernel_oil" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Palm kernel oil">palm kernel oil</a> derived from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_kernel" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Palm kernel">kernel</a> of the same fruit,<sup style="border: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil#cite_note-2" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">[2]</a></sup> or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_oil" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Coconut oil">coconut oil</a> derived from the kernel of the coconut palm (<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocos_nucifera" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Cocos nucifera">Cocos nucifera</a></i>). The differences are in color (raw palm kernel oil lacks <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carotenoids" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Carotenoids">carotenoids</a> and is not red), and in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturated_fat" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Saturated fat">saturated fat</a> content: palm mesocarp oil is 41% saturated, while palm kernel oil and coconut oil are 81% and 86% saturated fats, respectively.</span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-size: x-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Along with coconut oil, palm oil is one of the few highly saturated <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_fat" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Vegetable fat">vegetable fats</a> and is semisolid at room temperature.<sup style="border: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil#cite_note-Plant_cholesterol-3" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">[3]</a></sup></span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-size: x-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Palm oil is a common cooking ingredient in the tropical belt of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Africa">Africa</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asia" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> and parts of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>. Its use in the commercial food industry in other parts of the world is widespread because of its lower cost<sup style="border: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil#cite_note-4" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">[4]</a></sup> and the high oxidative stability (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturated_fat" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Saturated fat">saturation</a>) of the refined product when used for frying.<sup style="border: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil#cite_note-5" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">[5]</a></sup><sup style="border: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil#cite_note-6" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">[6]</a></sup></span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-size: x-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">The use of palm oil in food products has attracted the concern of environmental activist groups; the high oil yield of the trees has encouraged wider cultivation, leading to the clearing of forests in parts of Indonesia and Malaysia to make space for oil-palm <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoculture" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Monoculture">monoculture</a>.<sup style="border: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil#cite_note-7" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">[7]</a></sup> This has resulted in significant acreage losses of the natural habitat of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orangutan" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Orangutan">orangutan</a>, of which both species are endangered; one species in particular, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatran_orangutan" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Sumatran orangutan">Sumatran orangutan</a>, has been listed as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critically_endangered" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Critically endangered">critically endangered</a>.<sup style="border: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil#cite_note-8" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">[8]</a></sup> In 2004, an industry group called the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roundtable_on_Sustainable_Palm_Oil" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil">Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil</a> was formed to work with the palm oil industry to address these concerns.<sup style="border: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil#cite_note-Gilbert-9" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">[9]</a></sup> Additionally, in 1992, in response to concerns about deforestation, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Malaysia" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Government of Malaysia">Government of Malaysia</a> pledged to limit the expansion of palm oil plantations by retaining a minimum of half the nation's land as forest cover.<sup style="border: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil#cite_note-Morales-10" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">[10]</a></sup><sup style="border: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil#cite_note-Scott-Thomas2-11" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">[11]</a></sup></span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: x-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">History</span></span><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; color: #555555; margin: 0px 0.25em 0px 0px; padding: 0px;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil&action=edit&section=1" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Edit section: History">edit</a><span style="border: 0px; color: #555555; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;">]</span></span></h2>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-size: x-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_palm" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Oil palm">Oil palms</a> (<i>Elaeis guineensis</i>)</span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-size: x-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Human use of oil palms may date as far back as 5,000 years; in the late 1800s, archaeologists discovered a substance that they concluded was originally palm oil in a tomb at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abydos,_Egypt" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Abydos, Egypt">Abydos</a> dating back to 3,000 BCE.<sup style="border: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil#cite_note-Kiple-12" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">[12]</a></sup> It is believed that Arab traders brought the oil palm to Egypt.<sup style="border: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil#cite_note-Obahiagbon-13" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">[13]</a></sup> Some argue that it is not possible that Arab traders could have brought the oil palm to ancient Egypt, as the Arabs did not settle in Africa until the 8th century CE. It is more likely that the oil palm was brought to Ancient Egypt (Kemet) by its founding peoples who migrated from other regions of the African continent.<sup style="border: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil#cite_note-14" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">[14]</a></sup></span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-size: x-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Palm oil from <i>E. guineensiss</i> has long been recognized in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Africa" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="West Africa">West</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Africa" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Central Africa">Central African</a> countries, and is widely used as a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooking_oil" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Cooking oil">cooking oil</a>. European merchants trading with West Africa occasionally purchased palm oil for use as a cooking oil in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Europe">Europe</a>.</span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-size: x-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Palm oil became a highly sought-after commodity by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="United Kingdom">British</a> traders, for use as an industrial <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubricant" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Lubricant">lubricant</a> for machinery during Britain's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>.<sup style="border: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil#cite_note-15" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">[15]</a></sup></span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-size: x-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Palm oil formed the basis of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Soap">soap</a> products, such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lever_Brothers" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Lever Brothers">Lever Brothers</a>' (now <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unilever" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Unilever">Unilever</a>) "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunlight_(cleaning_product)" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Sunlight (cleaning product)">Sunlight</a>" soap, and the American <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmolive_(soap)" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Palmolive (soap)">Palmolive</a>brand.<sup style="border: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil#cite_note-16" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">[16]</a></sup></span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-size: x-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">By around 1870, palm oil constituted the primary export of some West African countries, such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, although this was overtaken by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocoa_bean" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Cocoa bean">cocoa</a> in the 1880s.<sup style="border: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-size: x-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Composition</span><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; color: #555555; margin: 0px 0.25em 0px 0px; padding: 0px;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil&action=edit&section=2" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Edit section: Composition">edit</a><span style="border: 0px; color: #555555; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;">]</span></span></span></h2>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-size: x-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Fatty acids</span><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; color: #555555; margin: 0px 0.25em 0px 0px; padding: 0px;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil&action=edit&section=3" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Edit section: Fatty acids">edit</a><span style="border: 0px; color: #555555; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;">]</span></span></span></h3>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-size: x-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_acid" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Fatty acid">Fatty acid</a></span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-size: x-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Palm oil, like all <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Fat">fats</a>, is composed of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_acid" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Fatty acid">fatty acids</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ester" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Ester">esterified</a> with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycerol" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Glycerol">glycero<wbr></wbr>l</a>. Palm oil has an especially high concentration of saturated fat, specifically, of the 16-carbon saturated fatty acid <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmitic_acid" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Palmitic acid">palmitic acid</a>, to which it gives its name. Monounsaturated <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleic_acid" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Oleic acid">oleic acid</a> is also a major constituent of palm oil. Unrefined palm oil is a significant source of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tocotrienol" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Tocotrienol">tocotrienol</a>, part of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_E" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Vitamin E">vitamin E</a> family.<sup style="border: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil#cite_note-17" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">[17]</a></sup><sup style="border: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil#cite_note-oil-18" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">[18]</a></sup></span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-size: x-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">The approximate concentration of fatty acids in palm oil is:<sup style="border: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil#cite_note-19" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">[19]</a></sup></span></div>
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<tr style="background-color: #dddddd; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><th colspan="5" style="border: 0px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: x-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Fatty acid content of palm oil</span></th></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; height: 4px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 4px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: x-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Type of fatty acid</span></td><td style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 4px; text-align: right;"></td><td style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 100px;"></td><td style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 4px; text-align: right; width: 1em;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: x-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">pct</span></td><td style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 4px; text-align: right;"></td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td colspan="2" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; min-width: 8em; padding: 0px 0.4em;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: x-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myristic_acid" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Myristic acid">Myristic</a> saturated C14</span></td><td style="border-left-color: silver; border-left-style: solid; border-right-color: silver; border-right-style: solid; border-width: 0px 1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 100px;"><div style="background-color: black; border: 0px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; width: 1px;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-size: x-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></div>
</td><td colspan="2" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0.4em; text-align: right;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: x-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">1.0%</span></td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td colspan="2" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; min-width: 8em; padding: 0px 0.4em;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: x-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmitic_acid" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Palmitic acid">Palmitic</a> saturated C16</span></td><td style="border-left-color: silver; border-left-style: solid; border-right-color: silver; border-right-style: solid; border-width: 0px 1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 100px;"><div style="background-color: black; border: 0px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; width: 43.5px;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-size: x-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></div>
</td><td colspan="2" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0.4em; text-align: right;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: x-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">43.5%</span></td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td colspan="2" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; min-width: 8em; padding: 0px 0.4em;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: x-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stearic_acid" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Stearic acid">Stearic</a> saturated C18</span></td><td style="border-left-color: silver; border-left-style: solid; border-right-color: silver; border-right-style: solid; border-width: 0px 1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 100px;"><div style="background-color: black; border: 0px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; width: 4.296875px;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-size: x-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></div>
</td><td colspan="2" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0.4em; text-align: right;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: x-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">4.3%</span></td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td colspan="2" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; min-width: 8em; padding: 0px 0.4em;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: x-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleic_acid" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Oleic acid">Oleic</a> monounsaturated C18</span></td><td style="border-left-color: silver; border-left-style: solid; border-right-color: silver; border-right-style: solid; border-width: 0px 1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 100px;"><div style="background-color: grey; border: 0px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; width: 36.59375px;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-size: x-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></div>
</td><td colspan="2" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0.4em; text-align: right;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: x-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">36.6%</span></td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td colspan="2" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; min-width: 8em; padding: 0px 0.4em;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: x-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linoleic_acid" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Linoleic acid">Linoleic</a> polyunsaturated C18</span></td><td style="border-left-color: silver; border-left-style: solid; border-right-color: silver; border-right-style: solid; border-width: 0px 1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 100px;"><div style="background-color: blue; border: 0px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; width: 9.09375px;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-size: x-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></div>
</td><td colspan="2" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0.4em; text-align: right;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: x-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">9.1%</span></td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td colspan="2" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; min-width: 8em; padding: 0px 0.4em;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: x-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Other/Unknown</span></td><td style="border-left-color: silver; border-left-style: solid; border-right-color: silver; border-right-style: solid; border-width: 0px 1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 100px;"><div style="background-color: green; border: 0px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; width: 5.5px;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-size: x-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></div>
</td><td colspan="2" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0.4em; text-align: right;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: x-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">5.5%</span></td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td colspan="5" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 5px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: x-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><i>black</i>: Saturated; <i>grey</i>: Monounsaturated; <i>blue</i>: Polyunsaturated</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-width: 0px; color: black; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0.5em 0px 0px;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-size: x-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Carotenes</span><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; color: #555555; margin: 0px 0.25em 0px 0px; padding: 0px;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil&action=edit&section=4" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Edit section: Carotenes">edit</a><span style="border: 0px; color: #555555; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;">]</span></span></span></h3>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-size: x-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Red palm oil is rich in carotenes, such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-carotene" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Alpha-carotene">alpha-carotene</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-carotene" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Beta-carotene">beta-<wbr></wbr>carotene</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycopene" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Lycopene">lycopene</a>, which give it a characteristic dark red color.<sup style="border: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil#cite_note-oil-18" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">[18]</a></sup><sup style="border: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil#cite_note-20" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">[20]</a></sup></span></div>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(162, 169, 177); border-bottom-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; color: black; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-size: x-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Processing and use</span><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; color: #555555; margin: 0px 0.25em 0px 0px; padding: 0px;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil&action=edit&section=5" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Edit section: Processing and use">edit</a><span style="border: 0px; color: #555555; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;">]</span></span></span></h2>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-size: x-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Many <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Processed_food" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Processed food">processed foods</a> either contain palm oil or various ingredients derived from it.<sup style="border: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil#cite_note-BBC_Panorama-21" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">[21]</a></sup></span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-size: x-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Refining</span><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; color: #555555; margin: 0px 0.25em 0px 0px; padding: 0px;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil&action=edit&section=6" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Edit section: Refining">edit</a><span style="border: 0px; color: #555555; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;">]</span></span></span></h3>
<div style="border: 0px; font-style: italic; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 1.6em;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-size: x-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">See also: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooking_oil#Refinement" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Cooking oil">Cooking oil refinement</a></span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-size: x-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">After <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mill_(grinding)" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Mill (grinding)">milling</a>, various palm oil products are made using <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refinery" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Refinery">refining</a> processes. First is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractionation" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Fractionation">fractionation</a>, with crystallization and separation processes to obtain solid (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stearin" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Stearin">stearin</a>), and liquid (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olein" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Olein">olein</a>) fractions.<sup style="border: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil#cite_note-Asianagro-22" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">[22]</a></sup> Then melting and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degumming" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Degumming">degumming</a> removes impurities. Then the oil is filtered and bleached. Physical refining<sup style="border: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0.1em; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (September 2012)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> removes smells and coloration to produce "refined, bleached and deodorized palm oil" (RBDPO) and free sheer fatty acids,<sup style="border: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0.1em; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (September 2012)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> which are used in the manufacture of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Soap">soaps</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washing_powder" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Washing powder">washing powder</a> and other products. RBDPO is the basic palm oil product sold on the world's commodity markets. Many companies fractionate it further to produce <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palm_olein&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #a55858; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Palm olein (page does not exist)">palm olein</a> for cooking oil, or process it into other products.<sup style="border: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil#cite_note-Asianagro-22" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">[22]</a></sup></span></div>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-width: 0px; color: black; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0.5em 0px 0px;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-size: x-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Red palm oil</span><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; color: #555555; margin: 0px 0.25em 0px 0px; padding: 0px;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil&action=edit&section=7" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Edit section: Red palm oil">edit</a><span style="border: 0px; color: #555555; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;">]</span></span></span></h3>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-size: x-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Since the mid-1990s, red palm oil has been <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_fats_and_oils#Extraction" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Vegetable fats and oils">cold-pressed</a> and bottled for use as cooking oil, and blended into <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayonnaise" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Mayonnaise">mayonnaise</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salad_oil" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Salad oil">salad oil</a>.<sup style="border: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil#cite_note-23" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">[23]</a></sup></span></div>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-width: 0px; color: black; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0.5em 0px 0px;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-size: x-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Butter and trans fat substitute</span><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; color: #555555; margin: 0px 0.25em 0px 0px; padding: 0px;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil&action=edit&section=8" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Edit section: Butter and trans fat substitute">edit</a><span style="border: 0px; color: #555555; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;">]</span></span></span></h3>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-size: x-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">The highly saturated nature of palm oil renders it solid at room temperature in temperate regions, making it a cheap substitute for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butter" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Butter">butter</a>or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans_fat" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Trans fat">trans fats</a> in uses where solid fat is desirable, such as the making of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastry" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Pastry">pastry</a> dough and baked goods. A recent rise in the use of palm oil in the food industry has partly come from changed labelling requirements that have caused a switch away from using trans fats.<sup style="border: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil#cite_note-Koh-24" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">[24]</a></sup>Palm oil has been found to be a reasonable replacement for trans fats;<sup style="border: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil#cite_note-Heller-25" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">[25]</a></sup> however, a small study conducted in 2009 found that palm oil may not be a good substitute for trans fats for individuals with already-elevated LDL levels.<sup style="border: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil#cite_note-ScienceDaily_LLC-26" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">[26]</a></sup> The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USDA" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="USDA">USDA</a> <wbr></wbr>agricultural research service states that palm oil is not a healthy substitute for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans_fats" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Trans fats">trans fats</a>.<sup style="border: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil#cite_note-27" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">[27]</a></sup></span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-size: x-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Biomass and bioenergy</span><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; color: #555555; margin: 0px 0.25em 0px 0px; padding: 0px;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil&action=edit&section=9" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Edit section: Biomass and bioenergy">edit</a><span style="border: 0px; color: #555555; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;">]</span></span></span></h3>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-size: x-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Palm oil is used to produce both methyl ester and hydrodeoxygenated <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiesel" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Biodiesel">biodiesel</a>.<sup style="border: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil#cite_note-Rojas-28" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">[<wbr></wbr>28]</a></sup> Palm oil methyl ester is created through a process called <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transesterification" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Transesterification">transesterification</a>. Palm oil biodiesel is often blended with other fuels to create palm oil biodiesel blends.<sup style="border: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil#cite_note-JMSE-29" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">[29]</a></sup> Palm oil biodiesel meets the European <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EN_14214" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="EN 14214">EN 14214</a> standard for biodiesels.<sup style="border: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil#cite_note-Rojas-28" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">[28]</a></sup> <wbr></wbr>Hydrodeoxygenated biodiesel is produced by direct <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenolysis" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Hydrogenolysis">hydrogenolysis</a> of the fat into alkanes and propane. The world's largest palm oil biodiesel plant is the Finnish-operated <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neste_(company)" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Neste (company)">Neste Oil</a> biodiesel plant in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, which opened in 2011 and produces hydrodeoxygenated <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEXBTL" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="NEXBTL">NEXBTL</a> <wbr></wbr>biodiesel.<sup style="border: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil#cite_note-Yahya-30" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">[30]</a></sup></span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-size: x-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">The organic waste matter that is produced when processing oil palm, including oil palm shells and oil palm fruit bunches, can also be used to produce energy. This waste material can be converted into pellets that can be used as a biofuel.<sup style="border: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil#cite_note-Choong-31" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">[31]</a></sup> Additionally, palm oil that has been used to fry foods can be converted into methyl esters for biodiesel. The used cooking oil is chemically treated to create a biodiesel similar to petroleum diesel.<sup style="border: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil#cite_note-JOPR_2006-32" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">[32]</a></sup></span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-size: x-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Nutrition and health</span><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; color: #555555; margin: 0px 0.25em 0px 0px; padding: 0px;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil&action=edit&section=25" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Edit section: Nutrition and health">edit</a><span style="border: 0px; color: #555555; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;">]</span></span></span></h2>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-size: x-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Palm oil is an important source of calories and a food staple in poor communities.<sup style="border: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil#cite_note-WHO_Technical_Report-57" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">[57]</a></sup><sup style="border: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil#cite_note-Economist_2011-58" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">[58]</a></sup><sup style="border: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil#cite_note-Bradsher-59" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">[59]</a></sup></span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-size: x-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Much of the palm oil that is consumed as food is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooking_oil" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Cooking oil">cooking oil</a>, to some degree oxidized rather than in the fresh state, and this oxidation appears to be responsible for the health risk associated with consuming palm oil.<sup style="border: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil#cite_note-60" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">[60]</a></sup></span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-size: x-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Palmitic acid</span><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; color: #555555; margin: 0px 0.25em 0px 0px; padding: 0px;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil&action=edit&section=26" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Edit section: Palmitic acid">edit</a><span style="border: 0px; color: #555555; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;">]</span></span></span></h3>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-size: x-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">According to studies reported on by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Science_in_the_Public_Interest" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Center for Science in the Public Interest">Center for Science in the Public Interest</a> (CSPI), excessive intake of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmitic_acid" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Palmitic acid">palmitic acid</a>, which makes up 44 percent of palm oil, increases blood cholesterol levels and may contribute to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_disease" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Heart disease">heart disease</a>.<sup style="border: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil#cite_note-CSPI-61" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">[61]</a></sup> The CSPI also reported that the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> and the US <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heart,_Lung_and_Blood_Institute" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute">National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute</a> have encouraged consumers to limit the consumption of palmitic acid and foods high in saturated fat.<sup style="border: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil#cite_note-WHO_Technical_Report-57" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">[57]</a></sup><sup style="border: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil#cite_note-CSPI-61" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">[61]</a></sup> According to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>, evidence is convincing that consumption of palmitic acid increases risk of developing cardiovascular diseases, placing it in the same evidence category as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans_fatty_acids" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Trans fatty acids">trans fatty acids</a>.<sup style="border: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil#cite_note-62" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">[62]</a></sup></span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-size: x-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Comparison to trans fats</span><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; color: #555555; margin: 0px 0.25em 0px 0px; padding: 0px;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil&action=edit&section=27" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Edit section: Comparison to trans fats">edit</a><span style="border: 0px; color: #555555; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;">]</span></span></span></h3>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-size: x-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">In response to negative reports on palm oil many food manufacturers transitioned to using hydrogenated vegetable oils in their products, which have also come under scrutiny for the impact these oils have on health.<sup style="border: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil#cite_note-McNamara-63" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">[63]</a></sup> A 2006 study supported by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="National Institutes of Health">National Institutes of Health</a> and the USDA <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_Research_Service" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Agricultural Research Service">Agricultural Research Service</a> concluded that palm oil is not a safe substitute for partially hydrogenated fats (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans_fats" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Trans fats">trans fats</a>) in the food industry, because palm oil results in adverse changes in the blood concentrations of LDL cholesterol and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apolipoprotein_B" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Apolipoprotein B">apolipoprotein B</a> just as trans fat does.<sup style="border: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil#cite_note-ScienceDaily_LLC-26" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">[26]</a></sup><sup style="border: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil#cite_note-Vega-L.C3.B3pez.2C_Sonia_et_al._54.E2.80.9362-64" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">[64]</a></sup> However, according to two reports published in 2010 by the Journal of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_College_of_Nutrition" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="American College of Nutrition">American College of Nutrition</a> palm oil is again an accepted replacement for hydrogenated vegetable oils<sup style="border: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil#cite_note-McNamara-63" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">[63]</a></sup> and a natural replacement for partially hydrogenated vegetable oils, which are a significant source of trans fats.<sup style="border: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil#cite_note-Hayes-65" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">[65]</a></sup></span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-size: x-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Comparison with animal saturated fat</span><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; color: #555555; margin: 0px 0.25em 0px 0px; padding: 0px;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil&action=edit&section=28" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Edit section: Comparison with animal saturated fat">edit</a><span style="border: 0px; color: #555555; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;">]</span></span></span></h3>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-size: x-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Not all saturated fats have equally cholesterolemic effects.<sup style="border: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil#cite_note-ng-66" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">[66]</a></sup> Studies have indicated that consumption of palm olein (which is more unsaturated) reduces blood cholesterol when compared to sources of saturated fats like <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_oil" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Coconut oil">coconut oil</a>, dairy and animal fats.<sup style="border: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil#cite_note-ng-66" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">[66]</a></sup><sup style="border: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil#cite_note-67" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">[67]</a></sup></span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-size: x-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Acrolein</span><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; color: #555555; margin: 0px 0.25em 0px 0px; padding: 0px;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil&action=edit&section=29" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Edit section: Acrolein">edit</a><span style="border: 0px; color: #555555; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;">]</span></span></span></h3>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-size: x-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">A 2009 study<sup style="border: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil#cite_note-68" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">[68]</a></sup> tested the emission rates of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrolein" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Acrolein">acrolein</a>, a toxic and malodorous breakdown product from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycerol" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Glycerol">glycerol</a>, from the deep-frying of potatoes in red palm, olive, and polyunsaturated sunflower oils. The study found higher acrolein emission rates from the polyunsaturated sunflower oil (the scientists characterized red palm oil as "mono-unsaturated") and lower rates from both palm and olive oils. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> established a tolerable oral acrolein intake of 7.5 mg/day per kilogram of body weight. Although acrolein occurs in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_fries" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="French fries">French fries</a>, the levels are only a few micrograms per kilogram. A 2011 study concluded a health risk from acrolein in food is unlikely.<sup style="border: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil#cite_note-69" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">[69]</a></sup></span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-size: x-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Social and environmental impacts</span><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; color: #555555; margin: 0px 0.25em 0px 0px; padding: 0px;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil&action=edit&section=30" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Edit section: Social and environmental impacts">edit</a><span style="border: 0px; color: #555555; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;">]</span></span></span></h2>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-size: x-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_and_environmental_impact_of_palm_oil" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Social and environmental impact of palm oil">Social and environmental impact of palm oil</a></span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-size: x-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Social</span><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; color: #555555; margin: 0px 0.25em 0px 0px; padding: 0px;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil&action=edit&section=31" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Edit section: Social">edit</a><span style="border: 0px; color: #555555; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;">]</span></span></span></h3>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Palm_forest.jpg" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: x-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><img alt="" height="556" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEj1XXP7zCyQzzRyTd1p-Vax4yHMuFxAfuWXtHNlEVrrx36q-RNLEq9r55flDSTCWVe1fLibgW-3IUHE8E8VHMYziixBdfmWZMb44zo1z01l7J_lr-ocGjdclIgcpeUDdz9Ip1uJANWjU6K9GVUyrJ6SmuwFlNXsaqV1TuXmZGeH7UnfsXEmOa0O6UfmBDony9slc86Q7vuUh43T6o1SFDY=w5000-h5000" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="250" /></span></a><div style="border: 0px none; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 3px; text-align: left;">
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Palm_forest.jpg" style="background-image: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(https://groups.google.com/forum/); border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; display: block; margin: 0px; min-height: 11px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 15px; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" target="_blank" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
<span style="border: 0px; font-size: x-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">In <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borneo" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Borneo">Borneo</a>, the forest (F), is being replaced by oil palm plantations (G). These changes are irreversible for all practical purposes (H).</span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-size: x-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">The palm oil industry has had both positive and negative impacts on workers, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous peoples</a> and residents of palm oil-producing communities. Palm oil production provides employment opportunities, and has been shown to improve <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructure" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Infrastructure">infrastructure</a>, social services and reduce poverty.<sup style="border: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil#cite_note-Budidarsono-70" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">[70]</a></sup><sup style="border: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil#cite_note-Norwana-71" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">[71]</a></sup><sup style="border: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil#cite_note-Ismail-72" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">[72]</a></sup> However, in some cases, oil palm plantations have developed lands without consultation or compensation of the indigenous people occupying the land, resulting in social conflict.<sup style="border: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil#cite_note-IDMC-73" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">[73]</a></sup><sup style="border: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil#cite_note-Colchester-74" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">[74]</a></sup><sup style="border: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil#cite_note-FPP-75" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">[75]</a></sup> The use of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_immigration" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Illegal immigration">illegal immigrants</a> in Malaysia has also raised concerns about working conditions within the palm oil industry.<sup style="border: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil#cite_note-BMS_2012-76" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">[76]</a></sup><sup style="border: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil#cite_note-ABC_2014-77" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">[77]</a></sup><sup style="border: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil#cite_note-BBC_2013-78" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">[78]</a></sup></span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-size: x-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Some social initiatives use palm oil cultivation as part of poverty alleviation strategies. Examples include the UN Food and Agriculture Organisation's hybrid oil palm project in Western <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, which improves incomes and diets of local populations,<sup style="border: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil#cite_note-79" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">[79]</a></sup> and Malaysia's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Land_Development_Authority" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Federal Land Development Authority">Federal Land Development Authority</a> and Federal Land Consolidation and Rehabilitation Authority, which both support rural development.<sup style="border: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil#cite_note-Ibrahim-80" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">[80]</a></sup></span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-size: x-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Food vs. fuel</span><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; color: #555555; margin: 0px 0.25em 0px 0px; padding: 0px;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil&action=edit&section=32" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Edit section: Food vs. fuel">edit</a><span style="border: 0px; color: #555555; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;">]</span></span></span></h4>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-size: x-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_vs._fuel" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Food vs. fuel">Food vs. fuel</a></span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-size: x-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">The use of palm oil in the production of biodiesel has led to concerns that the need for fuel is being placed ahead of the need for food, leading to malnourishment in developing nations. This is known as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_vs._fuel" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Food vs. fuel">food versus fuel</a> debate. According to a 2008 report published in the <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_and_Sustainable_Energy_Reviews" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews">Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews</a></i>, palm oil was determined to be a sustainable source of both food and biofuel. The production of palm oil biodiesel does not pose a threat to edible palm oil supplies.<sup style="border: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil#cite_note-Man_Kee_Lam-81" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">[81]</a></sup> According to a 2009 study published in the <i>Environmental Science and Policy</i> journal, palm oil biodiesel might increase the demand for palm oil in the future, resulting in the expansion of palm oil production, and therefore an increased supply of food.<sup style="border: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil#cite_note-82" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">[82]</a></sup></span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-size: x-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Environmental</span><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; color: #555555; margin: 0px 0.25em 0px 0px; padding: 0px;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil&action=edit&section=33" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Edit section: Environmental">edit</a><span style="border: 0px; color: #555555; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;">]</span></span></span></h3>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-size: x-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">See also: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Southeast_Asian_haze" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="2015 Southeast Asian haze">2015 Southeast Asian haze</a></span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-size: x-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Palm oil cultivation has been criticized for impacts on the natural environment,<sup style="border: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil#cite_note-83" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">[83]</a></sup><sup style="border: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil#cite_note-Greenpeace_Cooking-84" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">[84]</a></sup>including <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestation" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Deforestation"><wbr></wbr>deforestation</a>, loss of natural habitats,<sup style="border: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil#cite_note-85" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">[85]</a></sup> which has threatened <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critically_endangered_species" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Critically endangered species">critically endangered species</a> such as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orangutan" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Orangutan">orangutan</a><sup style="border: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil#cite_note-cspi-86" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">[86]</a></sup><sup style="border: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil#cite_note-Mail_Online-87" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">[87]</a></sup> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatran_tiger" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Sumatran tiger">Suma<wbr></wbr>tran tiger</a>,<sup style="border: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil#cite_note-WWF_2010-88" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">[88]</a></sup> and increased <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gas</a> emissions.<sup style="border: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil#cite_note-Greenpeace_Cooking-84" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">[84]</a></sup><sup style="border: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil#cite_note-Foster-89" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">[89]</a></sup> Many palm oil plantations are built on top of existing peat bogs, and clearing the land for palm oil cultivation contributes to rising greenhouse gas emissions.<sup style="border: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil#cite_note-Foster-89" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">[89]</a></sup><sup style="border: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil#cite_note-Rosenthal_NYT-90" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">[90]</a></sup></span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-size: x-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Efforts to portray palm oil cultivation as sustainable have been made by organizations including the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roundtable_on_Sustainable_Palm_Oil" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil">Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil</a>,<sup style="border: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil#cite_note-Adnan-91" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">[91]</a></sup> an industry group, and the Malaysian government, which has committed to preserve 50 percent of its total land area as forest.<sup style="border: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil#cite_note-Morales-10" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">[10]</a></sup>According to research conducted by the Tropical Peat Research Laboratory, a group studying palm oil cultivation in support of the industry,<sup style="border: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil#cite_note-Masilamany-92" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">[92]</a></sup> oil palm plantations act as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_sink" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Carbon sink">carbon sinks</a>, converting carbon dioxide into oxygen<sup style="border: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil#cite_note-New_Straits-93" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">[93]</a></sup> and, according to Malaysia's Second National Communication to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change">United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change</a>, the plantations contribute to Malaysia's status as a net carbon sink.<sup style="border: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil#cite_note-NC2-94" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">[94]</a></sup></span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-size: x-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Environmental groups such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenpeace" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Greenpeace">Greenpeace</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friends_of_the_Earth" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Friends of the Earth">Friends of the Earth</a> oppose the use of palm oil biofuels, claiming that the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestation" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a>caused by oil palm plantations is more damaging for the climate than the benefits gained by switching to biofuel and utilizing the palms as carbon sinks.<sup style="border: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil#cite_note-Rosenthal_NYT-90" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">[90]</a></sup><sup style="border: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil#cite_note-pachter-95" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">[95]</a></sup><sup style="border: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil#cite_note-96" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">[96]</a></sup></span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-size: x-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">While only 5 percent of the world's vegetable oil farmland is used for palm plantations, palm cultivation produces 38 percent of the world's total vegetable oil supply.<sup style="border: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil#cite_note-spinks-97" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">[97]</a></sup> In terms of oil yield, a palm plantation is 10 times more productive than soya bean and rapeseed cultivation because the palm fruit and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="Seed">kernel</a> both provide usable oil.<sup style="border: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil#cite_note-spinks-97" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #0b0080; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">[97]</a></sup></span></div>
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BRIAN CAMAZINE, MD - GENERAL SURGEONhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02200610127875857481noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2616546161277251392.post-19829823681503562752017-01-17T16:14:00.000-06:002017-01-17T16:14:10.638-06:00CERVICAL CANCER<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: right;">We did 12 cases these days. One case was very difficult-a lady with stage 2A cervical cancer. She had a large mass coming out of her cervix oon the left which was constantly bleeding. At laparotomy, the mass was so large it was causing hydronephrosis on the left. With careful dissection we identified the ureters and followed them to the bladder. We were able to do a nice radical hysterectomy. Surprisingly, we did not find any enlarged lymph nodes. She will need radiation and perhaps chemo. </span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjArYOWaQBPJ7zsGKNT5vx4fIoRsZvwpoGc0sdYltfv8xuBZUuyNANh9sszAoRI1BS2oyX98aJknNoaJTjAjxgtEAxAqcO73hI2972ETiNEQSc4RvoixcY-MxS5EMOG29sY1I65PVrfpw3H/s1600/IMG_4034.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="335" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjArYOWaQBPJ7zsGKNT5vx4fIoRsZvwpoGc0sdYltfv8xuBZUuyNANh9sszAoRI1BS2oyX98aJknNoaJTjAjxgtEAxAqcO73hI2972ETiNEQSc4RvoixcY-MxS5EMOG29sY1I65PVrfpw3H/s400/IMG_4034.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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BRIAN CAMAZINE, MD - GENERAL SURGEONhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02200610127875857481noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2616546161277251392.post-49119787417043224082017-01-14T16:09:00.004-06:002017-01-29T10:29:42.324-06:00SATURDAY JANUARY 14, 2016Another busy day:<br />
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1. Excision lipoma of the neck<br />
2. Inguinal hernia repair<br />
3. Total thyroidectomy for toxic goiter<br />
4 Total thyroidectomy for toxic goiter<br />
5. Giant epigastric hernia<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj16EFExkH9vEWThY6JM24WP_zm3R5ku1iuY7_l9Tyt7FFRBogvIcJp0ySnXbS1mBPixRU7b6J_tSb9q32TXdPbi9WoiDs-k-rZiHlhMWNY2G2stRCmicHYzlxY3-3sBtktyx4PJwmZwBWe/s1600/IMG_4011.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj16EFExkH9vEWThY6JM24WP_zm3R5ku1iuY7_l9Tyt7FFRBogvIcJp0ySnXbS1mBPixRU7b6J_tSb9q32TXdPbi9WoiDs-k-rZiHlhMWNY2G2stRCmicHYzlxY3-3sBtktyx4PJwmZwBWe/s400/IMG_4011.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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This man came today with an interesting problem. We don't know what it is yet or if it is resectable.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAgcv9jDRbeadRVv8dNsv8kvXZ810zeErBwwqMVSp1pkwfQ197SiuWPhvUxUehEiGlCn6rl4eqYk0yVsbcxrPAr8IXMM5KOS6B7vujVLQ9xXe48qYyh9fxTLOiTC3kDCT87ie3wjv9Hwg3/s1600/IMG_4019.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="396" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAgcv9jDRbeadRVv8dNsv8kvXZ810zeErBwwqMVSp1pkwfQ197SiuWPhvUxUehEiGlCn6rl4eqYk0yVsbcxrPAr8IXMM5KOS6B7vujVLQ9xXe48qYyh9fxTLOiTC3kDCT87ie3wjv9Hwg3/s400/IMG_4019.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
BRIAN CAMAZINE, MD - GENERAL SURGEONhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02200610127875857481noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2616546161277251392.post-6856862110735164222017-01-13T15:43:00.002-06:002017-01-29T10:28:32.592-06:00LAST 3 DAYS<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">In the last 3 days we have done 15 cases. I am fighting a mild malaria but we are continuing our work.</span><br />
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1. Resection of a giant ameloblastoma</div>
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2. Excision of a posterior auricular mass</div>
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3. Total thyroidectomy for toxic goiter</div>
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4. Total abdominal hysterectomy for dysfunctional uterine bleeding</div>
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5. Tonsillectomy</div>
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6. Inguinal hernia repair</div>
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7. Hysterectomy and ureterotomy for stone</div>
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8. Excision flank mass</div>
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9. Breast lumpectomy </div>
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10. Epigastric hernia repair</div>
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11. Repair giant inguinal hernia</div>
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12. Excision submandibular ,mass with radical neck dissection</div>
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13. Suprapubic catheter for retention</div>
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14. Total thyroidectomy for toxic goiter</div>
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15. Repair recurrent ventral hernia<br />
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Specimen from patient 12 above<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgI-a6_95WMMWTtlVwJx4PoUtQjOmN1p7kJlYnXd5gl8b341Da5At3M9MRwBcvm8ZylAhBP8HbpBLRx3Qpi_v9KzNHOT2_B-Nqvtr9lmWaV__JZAefStSRNUkALpGB-0uuQ0UnoWzppeVns/s1600/IMG_3976.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgI-a6_95WMMWTtlVwJx4PoUtQjOmN1p7kJlYnXd5gl8b341Da5At3M9MRwBcvm8ZylAhBP8HbpBLRx3Qpi_v9KzNHOT2_B-Nqvtr9lmWaV__JZAefStSRNUkALpGB-0uuQ0UnoWzppeVns/s400/IMG_3976.jpg" width="368" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Radical neck</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6rSNEa6n5pgiCeZInL4xW8fXjYyf6cppSvCYr891578FAob4gPNX6neDQBmLIxYgTiZZKNjyzQI1-SFfBte1gx8JClBQHla-VkdE1RynkKLYHgVrvgwv2DHcO6rrpnw5sb1uBkRl68LRy/s1600/IMG_3985.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="243" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6rSNEa6n5pgiCeZInL4xW8fXjYyf6cppSvCYr891578FAob4gPNX6neDQBmLIxYgTiZZKNjyzQI1-SFfBte1gx8JClBQHla-VkdE1RynkKLYHgVrvgwv2DHcO6rrpnw5sb1uBkRl68LRy/s400/IMG_3985.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Radical neck Specimen</td></tr>
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BRIAN CAMAZINE, MD - GENERAL SURGEONhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02200610127875857481noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2616546161277251392.post-25053181452493856052017-01-11T13:24:00.002-06:002017-01-29T10:33:21.960-06:00ONE AMELOBLASTOMA DONE!<div class="" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="text-align: start;">Today we worked on the 19 year old boy with the jaw ameloblasttoma, </span><a href="http://earthwidesurgicalfoundation.blogspot.com.ng/2017/01/ameloblastoma.html" style="text-align: start;">http://earthwidesurgicalfoundation.blogspot.com.ng/2017/01/ameloblastoma.h</a><a href="http://earthwidesurgicalfoundation.blogspot.com.ng/2017/01/ameloblastoma.html">tml</a>. The size was truly amazing.</div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4XIU7weVE4tUAY2hDsf1UH887iZoqK5v78E1qAPh4KYYQjKn0w-fzhcgSs2tsqA19nWDvJwT8C3l_1GmcrgYcPUXm5TyCrgM6ySwGGhPTKAKR8OeBXqxMh25yXmeXJysbwFH7MT3SWyGT/s1600/IMG_3944.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="297" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4XIU7weVE4tUAY2hDsf1UH887iZoqK5v78E1qAPh4KYYQjKn0w-fzhcgSs2tsqA19nWDvJwT8C3l_1GmcrgYcPUXm5TyCrgM6ySwGGhPTKAKR8OeBXqxMh25yXmeXJysbwFH7MT3SWyGT/s320/IMG_3944.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"></span><br />
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First, we peeled the skin off the tumor, then disarticulated the left temporalmandibular joint.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIoMsm8UIepDqOokugeyfGxvuXmI9YIKv9IM5H-dO-VVZKuHbZFsu3gl1i6pc8LWFWBNzhjw-PqpLdJzyxI7T9mpld2OyjfNQvwX7wZKTCt3NG32YE1ZSFVoQeS96r_yWmvynU7oFayVLd/s1600/IMG_3955.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIoMsm8UIepDqOokugeyfGxvuXmI9YIKv9IM5H-dO-VVZKuHbZFsu3gl1i6pc8LWFWBNzhjw-PqpLdJzyxI7T9mpld2OyjfNQvwX7wZKTCt3NG32YE1ZSFVoQeS96r_yWmvynU7oFayVLd/s320/IMG_3955.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Finally we got the specimen out and closed the wound. Closure required removing quite a bit of stretched out skin.<br />
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Three weeks postop!<br />
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<br />BRIAN CAMAZINE, MD - GENERAL SURGEONhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02200610127875857481noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2616546161277251392.post-12326223653752263512017-01-10T06:40:00.001-06:002017-01-10T06:40:04.406-06:00MONDAY JANUARY 9, 2012<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">The patients pored into the hospital today. In addition to doing 8 surgeries, we saw at least 60 patients between case.</span><br />
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We did the following surgeries:</div>
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1 Repair of incisional hernia post appendectomy</div>
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2. Resection of a hemangioma of the lip in an 8 month old</div>
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3. Right inguinal hernia repair</div>
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4. Percutaneous suprapubic (thanks to Utah Medical) for urinary retention</div>
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5. I and D of breast abscess</div>
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6. Debridement of necrotizing fasciitis of the cheek</div>
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7. Repair of recurrent umbilical hernaia</div>
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8. Hypospadia/penile contracture repair with buccal mucosa</div>
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<span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start;">I WAS VERY HAPPY THAT ISAAC FROM FACEBOOK CAME TO BE SEEN. HE HAS A VERY UNUSUAL MULTIPLE TIME RECURRENT AMELOBLASTOMA WITH EXTRA ORAL DISEASE. WE WILL GET A CT BEFORE THE SURGERY.</span></div>
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BRIAN CAMAZINE, MD - GENERAL SURGEONhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02200610127875857481noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2616546161277251392.post-88438846166357276802017-01-08T10:44:00.002-06:002017-01-08T10:44:33.540-06:00JANUARY 8, 2017-SUNDAY, SO WE TOOK IT EASY<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Today we started at noon-finished at 1800</span><br />
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We did the following cases:</div>
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1. Hemimandibulectomy for recurrent ameloblastoma</div>
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2. Total thyroidectomy for giant goiter</div>
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3. Total thyroidectomy for toxic goiter</div>
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4. Exploratory laparotomy for abdominal pain. The patient had a transverse colon cancer that perforated into the head of the pancreas and metastasized to the right ovary (15 cm) and liver. We did the following for her:</div>
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a. TAHBSO</div>
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b. Extended right hemicolectomy</div>
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c. Cholecystectomy</div>
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d. Gastrojejunostomy (to prevent obstruction of the duodenum)</div>
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e. Resection of liver metastasis</div>
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f. Omentectomy</div>
BRIAN CAMAZINE, MD - GENERAL SURGEONhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02200610127875857481noreply@blogger.com